Note: 1 This short essay is based on eight years of combined research that adds to the research of many other scholars whose work is cited elsewhere in this essay and publication. We are grateful to Charles Brownell, Associate Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, for sparking our interest and enthusiasm for this research, then for suggesting this project to bring our findings to a more public forum. We are doubly grateful to Richard Guy Wilson, Chairman, Architectural History, School of Architecture, University of Virginia, and to Anthony Hirschel, Director of the Bayly Art Museum and his dedicated staff for sharing our enthusiasm and seeing this project through to completion. [back]
Note: 2 Jefferson to Dr. Joseph Priestly, January 27, 1800, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. A.A. Lipscomb and A.E. Bergh (Washington, D.C.: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905), vol.10, 146-47 (L&B). [back]
Note: 3 For Jefferson's early education, see Dumas Malone, Jefferson The Virginian, vol. 1 of Jefferson and His Time (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 37-112. [back]
Note: 4 William Short to John Hartwell Cocke, July 8, 1828, Cocke Papers, Box 55, Special Collections Department, Manuscripts Division, University of Virginia Library (Special Collections cited hereafter as UVA). [back]
Note: 5 The Architecture of A. Palladio: In Four Books, ed. Giacomo Leoni, 3rd ed. (London, 1742). There were three editions of this book, 1715, 1721, and 1742. Jefferson probably owned the 1742 edition first. Leoni's plates differed considerably from Palladio's in several instances, and there were substantial inaccuracies in the translated text. See William B. O'Neal, Jefferson's Fine Arts Library: His Selections for the University of Virginia Together with His Own Architectural Books (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976), 247-77 (O'Neal). [back]
Note: 6 A. Lawrence Kocher and Howard Dearstyne, "Discovery of Foundations for Jefferson's Addition to the Wren Building," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 10 (October 1951), 28-31. [back]
Note: 7 Jefferson to James Breckenridge, February 15, 1821, in Roy John Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thomas Jefferson, vol.16, Harvard Studies in Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1931), Appendix K, 264 (Honeywell). [back]
Note: 8 Edmund Pendleton to Jefferson, May 11, 1779, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, 23 vols. to date (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950ff), vol 2, 266 (Boyd). In this letter, Pendleton refers to Jefferson's letter of Dec 18, 1778, saying "...I have been impatient to se [sic] what you call your Quixotism for the diffusion of knowledge, a passion raised by it's [sic] title and its being yours...." Boyd reports that Jefferson's letter to Pendleton has not been found. See also, Boyd, vol. 2, 527-33, for a printed copy of the bill, and pp. 534-35 for a detailed discussion of the proposal. [back]
Note: 9 Boyd, vol. 2, 527. [back]
Note: 11 Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, February 2, 1816, Jefferson Papers, Mss., Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (DLC). [back]
Note: 12 Boyd, vol. 2, 529-31. [back]
Note: 13 Ibid., 535. Bill no. 80, "A Bill for Amending the Constitution of the College of William and Mary, and Substituting More Certain Revenues for Its Support." [back]
Note: 14 Thomas Jefferson, Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, introduction by Dumas Malone (New York: Capricorn Books, 1959), 61. [back]
Note: 15 Jefferson to Samuel Henley, October 14, 1785, in Boyd, vol. 8, 635. [back]
Note: 16 Jefferson to John Banister, Jr., October 15, 1785, in Boyd, vol. 8, 636 37. [back]
Note: 17 Jefferson to George Wythe, August 13,1786, in Boyd, vol.10, 244-45. [back]
Note: 18 The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, 10 vols. (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons,1892), vol.1, 67 (Ford). [back]
Note: 19 Jefferson to Joseph Priestly, January 18, 1800, Honeywell, Appendix C, 215-16. [back]
Note: 20 Jefferson to DuPont de Nemours, April 12, 1800, in Neil McDowell Shawen, "The Casting of a Lengthened Shadow: Thomas Jefferson's Role in Determining the Site for a State University in Virginia, " Ph. D. Diss., George Washington University, 1980, 93 (Shawen). Shawen reports DuPont de Nemours had written a 159-page treatise by June. Jefferson to M. Pictet, February 5, 1803, L&B, vol.10, 355. [back]
Note: 21 Jefferson to L.W. Tazewell, January 5, 11 Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 22 Jefferson to the Trustees for the Lottery of Tennessee College, May 6, 1810, DLC. [back]
Note: 23 Paul B. Barringer, James Mercer Garnett, Rosewell Page, A History of the University of Virginia: Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristics with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Founders, Benefactors, Officers and Alumni, two vols. (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1904), vol. 1, 27-32 (Barringer). [back]
Note: 24 Jefferson to Dr. Thomas Cooper, January 16, 1814, DLC. See also, Shawen, 131-32, where he cited this letter as the evidence for Jefferson's "hidden agenda" to establish a university at Charlottesville. [back]
Note: 25 Barringer, vol. 1, 18. [back]
Note: 26 Trustees of Albemarle Academy, Minutes, March 25, April 5, and May 3, 1814, Jefferson Papers, UVA (Trustees). [back]
Note: 27 Trustees, Minutes, August 19, 1814. Scholars have dated this plan as May 5, 1817, since that date appeared in Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect (Boston: Clara Amory Coolidge, 1916), 75 (Kimball). See Patricia C. Sherwood, "The Mystery Solved: New Dates and a New Perspective on Thomas Jefferson's Architectural Plans for Educational Institutions in Virginia," Arts in Virginia 30 (Fall-Winter 1992), 10-25, for additional evidence surrounding the earlier date of this plan. [back]
Note: 28 Jefferson to Peter Carr, September 7, 1814 DLC; cited in Honeywell, Appendix E, 222-27. [back]
Note: 29 George W. Randolph to Professor Cabell (Dr. James L. Cabell), February 27, 1856, Cabell Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 30 Jefferson to Yancey, January 6, 1816, as cited in Ford, vol. 10, 2. [back]
Note: 31 Frank Carr to Governor Wilson Cary Nicholas, March 25, 1816, Calendar of Virginia State Papers, 10, 437-38. [back]
Note: 32 Jefferson to Nicholas, April 2, 1816, as cited in Honeywell, Appendix G. [back]
Note: 33 Edmund Bacon [Jefferson's overseer] to Hamilton W. Pierson, as cited in Jefferson At Monticello (New York: Scribner's, 1862), 20. [back]
Note: 34 Jefferson to James Dinsmore, April 13, 1817, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 35 Board of Visitors, Minutes, May 5, 1817, UVA. [back]
Note: 36 For "excellent architect out of books," see B.H. Latrobe to Christian Ignatius Latrobe, June 5, 1805, in The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, microfiche edition, ed. Thomas E. Jeffrey (Clinton, N.J.: James T. White & Co, 1976), 40/E7. [back]
Note: 37 Jefferson to Madison, November 15, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 38 O'Neal, 117-33. O'Neal reports that the copy of the ParallŠle that Jefferson acquired after selling his library to Congress was sold as lot 723 in the 1829 sale after Jefferson's death (p. 132). There is still uncharted territory on this issue, however, as the actual acquisition dates have not been tied down. [back]
Note: 39 Jefferson to Thornton, May 9, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 40 Thornton to Jefferson, June 9, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 41 Jefferson to Latrobe, June 12, 1817, DLC. Charles E. Brownell, in Brownell, Calder Loth, William M.S. Rasmussen, and Richard Guy Wilson, The Making of Virginia Architecture (Richmond: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 1992), 248, suggests that Thornton's designs did not fit with Jefferson's program to build orthodox models of classical architecture, either, and that "[Thornton's] Doric, for instance, has instead of an architrave and a frieze, a cross between the two, penciled with Adamesque trios of fluting in place of true triglyphs." [back]
Note: 42 Latrobe to Jefferson, June 17, 1817, and June 28, 1817, reproduced in The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe: Vol 3, 1811-1820 ed. John C. Van Horne, Series IV, The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe , published for the Maryland Historical Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), vol 3, 903-06 (Latrobe). [back]
Note: 43 Jefferson to Latrobe, July 16, 1817, Latrobe, 907. Jefferson's anxiety about getting Latrobe's drawings may again have resulted from dissatisfaction with Thornton's single scheme and a desire to compare the ideas of both architects before choosing the design for the first pavillion. [back]
Note: 44 Jefferson, Specification Book, "Operations at and for the College," July 18, 1817. 3r. UVA. [back]
Note: 45 Jefferson to Cocke, July 19, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 46 Board of Visitors, Minutes, July 28, 1817, Montpelier, Orange, Va., UVA. The minutes refer to: "The plan of the first pavilion to be erected, and the proceedings thereupon, having been stated and agreed to...." This plan was probably executed between July 18 and July 28, as its specifications are recorded after the ground layout in the Specification Book, 3v-5v, UVA. Jefferson meticulously figured the measurements for each minute of the module for his design, and its is the only pavilion design without specifications written on the back of the plan. [back]
Note: 47 B.H. Latrobe to Jefferson, July 24, 1817, Latrobe, 914-16. [back]
Note: 48 Jefferson to Latrobe, August 3, 1817, DLC. See also, Specification Book, 3v, UVA. Fig. 12 had been attributed by Fiske Kimball as a Jefferson drawing for the White House wings (Kimball, plate 176). However, the interior dimension, fourteen feet, matches that of the other drawings for the University's colonnade; the width of eight feet also matches, as does the Chinese railing above the roof line. None of these measurements on fig. 12 matches those on Jefferson's plan or elevation for the White House wings. [back]
Note: 49 By his own admission, Jefferson had executed the 1814 ground plan as an initial concept, and had designed it for economy, convenience, and the ability to be expanded as needed. He had incorporated square columns into the initial scheme for the same reason, saying he would use them "at first." Then, as the hope emerged of having Central College chosen as the University sooner rather than later, he incorporated his own idea of a didactic function for the pavilions, then added the concept of a large central building. The adoption of more elaborate ideas, such as Thornton's proposal for using round, rather than square columns for the colonnade and Latrobe's suggestion for a large Rotunda as the central building, became part of this enlarged concept. However, as his design scheme expanded with outside influence, its emerging form became more and more closely aligned with the design scheme he had used at both Monticello and the White House. [back]
Note: 50 Jefferson to Latrobe, October 12, 1817. DLC; Latrobe, 955. An account of laying the cornerstone appeared in the Richmond Enquirer, October 10, 1817: " . . .the first stone of the Central College was laid at Charlottesville on Monday last....The Society of Free Masons, and a large company of citizens attended. The scene was graced by the presence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, late Presidents of the United States, and of James Monroe, the actual President." [back]
Note: 51 Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, October 24, 1817, DLC. A Bill for Establishing A System of Public Education," appears in Honeywell, 233-43. Kimball, 205, identified this plan as a preliminary plan for the University, dating it c. 1804-05. The much later dating of 1817 makes it, instead, an outgrowth of the University Plan, and an optional design for the middle level of education. [back]
Note: 52 Jefferson to Joseph Correa de Serra, November 25, 1817, DLC: "mine, after all[,] may be an Utopian dream; but being innocent I have thought I might indulge in it till I go to me land of dreams, and sleep there with the dreamers of all past and future times." Jefferson to Ticknor, November 25, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 53 Jefferson to Board of Visitors, "Estimate of the objects of application," January 2, 1818, Jefferson Papers, UVA. In his letter to the Trustees of East Tennessee College, May 6, 1810, DLC, Jefferson had suggested the concept of dining students "in smaller & separate Parties" if economically feasible. [back]
Note: 54 This conclusion is further supported by the fact that Jefferson told George Ticknor in November that they were "establishing a college of general sciences at Charlottesville[,] the scale of which, of necessity[,] will be much more moderate." He expected to have ten or twelve professors if the state established it as a university. Jefferson to Ticknor, November 25, 1817, DLC. [back]
Note: 55 Joseph C. Cabell to Jefferson, February 20, 1818, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 56 Jefferson to Latrobe, May 19, 1818, DLC. [back]
Note: 57 Board of Visitors, Minutes, October 7, 1817, UVA. [back]
Note: 58 John Perry to Jefferson, May 26, 1818, Jefferson Papers, Mss., Huntington Library, San Marino, California. [back]
Note: 59 Jefferson to Latrobe, May 19, 1818, DLC. [back]
Note: 60 The frieze ornament used at Monticello and the University is from the temple of Antoninus and Faustina, from a pattern book by Desgodetz, and can be seen in O'Neal,94. The use of two different ornament makers resulted in small variations in the two friezes. [back]
Note: 61 John Perry to Jefferson, June 18,1818, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 62 Jefferson to James Madison, June 28,1818, and to Judge Roane, June 28,1818, DLC. Jefferson to L.W. Tazewell, June 28, 1818, Jefferson Papers, Mss., Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. [back]
Note: 63 The Rockfish Gap "Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Fix the Site of the University of Virginia, &c." is reproduced in Early History of the University of Virginia as contained in the letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, ed. Nathaniel Cabell (Richmond, Va.: J.W. Randolph, 1856),432ff, and in Honeywell, Appendix J, 248ff. "An Act for establishing an University" appears in the manual of The Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966). [back]
Note: 64 Jefferson to Cocke, March 3,1819, DLC. [back]
Note: 65 "Workmen Wanted," Richmond Enquirer, March 23, 1819, UVA. Brockenbrough's arrival is reported in Jefferson to Cabell, March 3, 1819; and his formal appointment on March 29, 1819, is discussed in William B. O'Neal, Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia: The Rotunda (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1960), 19. [back]
Note: 66 Jefferson to Richard Ware, April 9, 1819, Jefferson Papers, UVA. A note on the back of this letter in Jefferson's hand gives the number of bricks for the two hotels and the approximate number for Pavilion V (renumbered IX), indicating that he was still in the process of working out the details of this plan. [back]
Note: 67 Specifications on the verso of drawing N-330 read: "to correspond with the windows there must be 20. intercolonations...." See Joseph Michael Lasala, "Comparative Analysis: Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda and the Pantheon in Rome," -Virginia Studio Record 1, no. 2 (1988), 84-87. [back]
Note: 68 See Joseph Michael Lasala, "Thomas Jefferson's Designs for the University of Virginia," Master of Architectural History Thesis, University of Virginia, 1992, for a comprehensive analysis of Jefferson's drawings for the University of Virginia. [back]
Note: 69 Jefferson to Breckenridge, July 8,1819, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 70 Joseph C. Cabell to Cocke, April 15,1819, Cabell Family Papers, UVA . The drawing was definitely completed by April 17, because Cabell told Jefferson in a letter of that date (UVA) that he "... was extremely happy to be informed, by our friend Gen. Cocke, that you had annexed the gardens to the back-yards of the pavilions." [back]
Note: 71 Jefferson to Breckenridge, July 8,1819, UVA. In a letter to Jefferson on May 3 (Jefferson Papers, UVA), Cocke had criticized the second version for not having sufficient gardens for the hotels. [back]
Note: 72 Joseph C. Cabell to Cocke, April 15, 1819, Cabell Family Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 73 Cocke to Jefferson May 3, 1819, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 74 Jefferson to Breckenridge, July 8,1819, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 75 Jefferson to Brockenbrough, June 5, 1819, Proctor's Papers, UVA; and Jefferson to Brockenbrough, June 27, 1819, DLC. [back]
Note: 76 "Workmen Wanted," Richmond Enquirer, March 23,1819, UVA. [back]
Note: 77 William B. O'Neal, "Michele and Giacomo Raggi at the University of Virginia: With Notes and Documents," The Magazine of Albemarle County His18 (1959-60), 5-31. [back]
Note: 78 Brockenbrough to Jefferson, May 1, 1820, Proctor's Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 79 Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, June 3O, 1820, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 80 George W. Spooner to Brockenbrough, March 28. 1821, Proctor's Papers, 141, UVA. [back]
Note: 81 Jefferson, Specification Book, 35-6, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 82 Brockenbrough to Jefferson, October 19, 1820, Proctor's Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 83 Brockenbrough to Jefferson, March 29, 1821, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 84 Board of Visitors, Minutes, November 30, 1821, UVA. [back]
Note: 85 Edwin Morris Betts, "Ground Plans and Prints of the University of Virginia, 1822-1826," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 90 (May 1946), 81-90. [back]
Note: 86 Jefferson to Breckenridge, July 8,1819. Jefferson told Breckenridge that he and Cocke had decided to use all the funds for that year on buildings, then call for the annuity of the following year on January 1, which would allow them to have the seven pavilions begun in 1819 completed in 1820. By the spring of 1820, however, the Board of Visitors had determined to finish all ten pavilions and six hotels; Board of Visitors, Minutes, April 3, 1820. [back]
Note: 87 Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, December 1822, Jefferson Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 88 Neilson to Cocke, February 22, 1823, Cocke Family Papers, UVA. Credit for attributing this and other drawings to Neilson, and not to Jefferson's granddaughter, Cornelia Randolph, goes Allan Brown. At the time of the discovery in 1988 he was working as a consultant to the Center for Palladian Studies. [back]
Note: 89 Martha Jefferson Randolph to Nicholas Trist April 4, 1824, Trist Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill. Ann M. Lucas of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Charlottesville, kindly shared this reference. [back]
Note: 90 Board of Visitors, Minutes, April 5, 1824, UVA. [back]
Note: 91 Malone, The Sage of Monticello, 402-08 (vol. 6 Jefferson and His Time). [back]
Note: 92 Barringer, 93-7. For the pavillion assignments, see Jefferson papers (1825), Reel 10. The original list, in Jefferson's hand, is in the James Monroe Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Va., FC-3084, Acc. 3159. [back]
Note: 93 Board of Visitors, Minutes, March 4, 1825, UVA. [back]
Note: 94 Edmund Wilcox Hubard to Robert Hubard June 16, 1826, Hubard Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill. Thanks go to Rob McDonald, a graduate student in history at the University of North Carolina for sharing this citation. [back]
Note: 1 This essay is greatly indebted to the many scholars and observers who have written on the University and Thomas Jefferson. Also, I owe thanks to the many students and colleagues who over the years have discussed the Lawn. I would also like to acknowledge the specific help of Kurt G. F. Helfrich and Martin Perschler who aided with research; for assistance and advice, James Murray Howard, Architect for the Historic Buildings and Grounds, and Thaisa Way, formerly Curator of the Historic Gardens at the University; Barbara Mooney of the University of Illinois; Jennings L. Wagoner, Jr., and Eleanor F. Vernon of the Curry School of Education; Mark R. Wenger of Colonial Williamsburg; Camille Wells of the University of Virginia; and Sidney K. Robinson of the University of Illinois, Chicago. [back]
Note: 2 Thomas Jefferson to L.W. Tazewell, Washington, D.C., Jan. 5, 1805, Special Collections, University of Virginia (UVA). See also, Jennings L. Wagoner, Jr., "Jefferson, Justice, and The Enlightened Society" in Spheres of Justice in Education, eds. D.A. Verstegen and J.G. Ward (New York: Harper Business, 1971), 11-33. [back]
Note: 3 Ticknor to W.H. Prescott, Dec.16,1824, cited in George Ticknor, Life, Letters and Journals of George Ticknor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909), vol. 1, 348. [back]
Note: 4 Jefferson to Cosway, Oct. 24, 1822, in Helen Duprey Bullock, My Head and My Heart: A Little History of Thomas Jefferson and Maria Cosway (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1945), 182; Jefferson to [William Short], Nov. 24, 1821, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. A.A. Lipscomb and A.E. Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905), vol.18, 315. [back]
Note: 5 Jefferson to Judge Augustus B. Woodward, April 3, 1825, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1892-99), vol.10, 342. [back]
Note: 6 Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Travels through North America during the years 1825 and 1826, American edition (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Carey, 1828), 196-201. [back]
Note: 7 Quoted in John E. Semmes, John H.B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803-1891 (Baltimore: Norman, Remington Co., [1917]), 246. [back]
Note: 8 Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of western travel (London: Saunders and Otley, 1838), vol. 2, 2123. 32. [back]
Note: 9 The basic study is: William B. O'Neal, "An Intelligent Interest in Architecture, A Bibliography of Publications about Thomas Jefferson as an Architect together with an Iconography of the Nineteenth-Century Prints of the University of Virginia," The American Association of Architectural Bibliographers, Papers 6 (1969), v-131. [back]
Note: 10 Ibid., 75-80; and Edwin M. Betts, "Ground Plans and Prints of the University of Virginia, 18221826," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 90 (May 1946), 81-90. [back]
Note: 11 For admiring comments see, William B. O'Neal, Pictorial History of the University of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1968),54. See also, John Hammond Moore, "That 'Commodious' Annex to Jefferson's Rotunda," Virginia Cavalcade 29 (Autumn 1979),114-23. [back]
Note: 12 Porte Crayon [David H. Strother], "Virginia Illustrated..., "Harper's New Monthly Magazine 13 (August 1856), 303-23; reprinted in Virginia Illustrated: containing a visit to the Virginian canaan and the adventure of Porte Crayon and his cousins (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1857), 242. [back]
Note: 13 Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press,1960), 209. [back]
Note: 14 Francis Lister Hawks, Narrative of events connected with the rise and progress of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia (New York: Harper, 1836), 21. [back]
Note: 15 R.L. Dabney to G. Woodson Payne, Jr., March 18, 1840, Dabney Family Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 16 Reverend William Meade, Sermon Delivered in the Rotunda of the University of Virginia on Sunday, May 24, 1829 (Charlottesville: F. Carr & Co., 1829), 21. [back]
Note: 17 George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, March 18, 1835, Cabell Family Papers, UVA. I am indebted for information on the various schemes for chapels to: David A. Dashiell III, "Between Earthy Wisdom and Heavenly Truth: The Effort to Build a Chapel at the University of Virginia, 1835-1890," M.A. Thesis, University of Virginia, 1992. [back]
Note: 18 John Hartwell Cocke to Joseph C. Cabell, February 7,1839, UVA. [back]
Note: 19 M. Robert Allen, "A History of the Young Men's Christian Association at the University of Virginia," unpublished paper, UVA. [back]
Note: 20 In addition to those cited in this essay, see O'Neal, Pictorial History, 63, for a proposed hut for a statue of Jefferson by Alexander Galt and J.L. Cabell; and Corks and Curls 6, 170, for a proposed Memorial Arch by Carpenter & Peebles. [back]
Note: 21 Virginia University Magazine (November 1860), 88. [back]
Note: 22 American Architect and Building News 29 (November 15, 1885), 240. [back]
Note: 23 De Vere, An Address delivered on the Occasion . . (Charlottesville: Jefferson Book and Job Printing House, 1885), n.p. [back]
Note: 24 John C. Kilgo, President of Trinity College (now Duke University), claimed that the University was part of Jefferson's long-range plan for the subversion of Christianity ("A bold enterprise and deistic daring of enormous proportions") in A Study of Thomas Jefferson's Religious Belief (Durham, N.C.: n.p., [1900]),13. [back]
Note: 25 William Dunlap, History of the Rise and Progress of The Arts of Design in The United States (New York: George P. Scott, 1834), vol.2, 221-22. [back]
Note: 26 Maximilian Schele de Vere, "Mr. Jefferson's Pet," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 44 (May 1872), 815-26. [back]
Note: 27 Peterson, The Jefferson Image, 242. [back]
Note: 28 Herbert Baxter Adams, Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 16. [back]
Note: 30 John Kevan Peebles, "Thomas Jefferson, Architect," American Architect and Building News 47 (January 19, 1895), 29-30; reprinted from "Thos. Jefferson, Architect," Alumni Bulletin [University of Virginia] 1 (November 1894), 68-74. Fayerweather appears in American Architect 43, no. 897 (March 4, 1893), n.p. There is much misinformation on Peebles; his correct dates are 1866-1934; I am indebted to the research of David A. Dashiell III on this issue. [back]
Note: 31 Charles McKim to William M. Thornton, August 6, 1890, McKim, Mead & White Collection, The New York Historical Society; McKim to Augustus Saint-Gaudens, May 6, 1895, McKim Collection, Library of Congress; and William R. Mead to Dr. A.H. Buckmaster, November 5, 1895, Proctor's Papers, UVA. See: George Humphrey Yetter, "Stanford White at the University of Virginia: The New Buildings on the South Lawn and the Reconstruction of the Rotunda in 1896," M.A. Thesis, University of Virginia, 1980; and his "Stanford White at the University of Virginia: Some New Light on an Old Question," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 40 (December 1981): 320-25. [back]
Note: 32 Omer Allen Gianniny, Jr., "The Rotunda that was not Built: Mr. Jefferson's Pet Cast in Iron," The Magazine of Albemarle County History 40 (1982), 63-88. [back]
Note: 33 Report of the Faculty to the Rector and Board of Visitors, October 31,1895, in Minutes of the General Faculty 14 (September 15, 1895-June 15, 1899), 107-11; see Philip Alexander Bruce, History of the University of Virginia (New York: MacMillan,1920), vol. 4, 267-70. [back]
Note: 34 [Stanford White], "Notes on the University of Virginia," typescript, ca. 1896, The New York Historical Society. Slightly rewritten, this was published as Stanford White, "The Buildings of the University of Virginia," Corks & Curls 11 (1898), 127-30. [back]
Note: 35 Edward Simmons, From Seven to Seventy (New York: Harper, 1922), 241. [back]
Note: 36 [Stanford White], "Notes on the University of Virginia"; and subsequent quotes in this paragraph. [back]
Note: 37 Report of the Faculty, 107-11; Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, vol. 4, 268. [back]
Note: 38 White to W.M. Thornton [Faculty President], February 26,1896, Buildings and Grounds Collection, UVA. [back]
Note: 39 Jefferson to Governor W.C. Nicholas, April 2, 1816; reprinted in Roy J. Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thomas Jefferson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1931), 231. [back]
Note: 40 McKim, Mead & White, "Report of the Architects to the Building Committee," March 20, 1895, Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia 2 (February 1896), 139. (The actual date of the article was 1896, but the Alumni Bulletin mis-dated it and did not publish it until late in 1896.) [back]
Note: 41 Plans and views are in A Monograph of the Works of McKim, Mead & White, 1879-1915 (1915-20; reprint, New York: Dover, 1990 [ed. R.G. Wilson]), pls. 110-112a. [back]
Note: 42 As early as 1883 Jefferson rated a mention by Schuyler; see his "Recent Building in New York," Harper's Magazine 68 (September 1883). 557-78; reprinted as "Concerning Queen Anne," in Montgomery Schuyler, American Architecture and Other Writings, ed. W. Jordy and R. Coe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), 458-59. [back]
Note: 43 Montgomery Schuyler, "A History of Old Colonial Architecture," Architectural Record 4 (January-March 1895), 351-53. [back]
Note: 44 Montgomery Schuyler, "Architecture of American Colleges, VIII: The Southern Colleges," Architectural Record 30 (July 1911), 69-79. [back]
Note: 45 Glenn Brown, History of the United States Capital (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900-03), vol. 1, 97; and Brown, "Letters from Thomas Jefferson and William Thornton, Architect, Relating to the University of Virginia," Journal of the American Institute of Architects 1 (January 1913), 21-27. [back]
Note: 46 On the continuing question of authorship, see. Norman M. Isham, "Jefferson's Place in Our Architectural History," Journal of the American Institute of Architects 2 (May 1914), 230-35; and Helen M. Gallagher, Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), 46. [back]
Note: 47 William A. Lambeth and Warren H. Manning, Jefferson as an Architect and Designer of Landscape (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 31. [back]
Note: 48 Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect (Boston: Clara Amory Coolidge, 1916). [back]
Note: 49 Joseph Die Lehandro, "Fiske Kimball: American Renaissance Historian," M.A. Thesis, University of Virginia, 1982; and George and Mary Roberts, Triumph on Fairmount: Fiske Kimball and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott 1959). [back]
Note: 50 Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect (1916), 80, 81, 82-83. [back]
Note: 51 Kimball listed some of the books; the standard list is William B. O'Neal, Jefferson's Fine Arts Library: His Selections for the University of Virginia Together with His Own Architectural Books, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976); see also, O'Neal, A Fine Arts Library: Jefferson's Selections for the University of Virginia Together with His Architectural Books at Monticello (exhibition catalogue, Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1976). [back]
Note: 52 Fiske Kimball, "Thomas Jefferson and the First Monument of the Classic Revival in America," Journal of the American Institute of Architects (September, October, November, 1915), 3704 421-33,473-91; and Kimball, "Thomas Jefferson and the Origin of the Classical Revival in America," Art and Archaeology 1 (May 1915), 219-27. [back]
Note: 53 Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 78; see also, Susan D. Riddick, "The Influence of B Latrobe on Jefferson's Design for the University of Virginia," M. A. Thesis, University of Virginia 1988, 30-33, which conveniently summarizes various positions. [back]
Note: 54 The book owned by Jefferson is, J. Ch. Krafft and Pierre Nicholas Ransonnette, Plans, coup Šlevations des plus belles maisons et des h“tels construits … Paris et dans les environs (Paris, [1801-03]). For historians, see: William H. Pierson, Jr., "The Colonial and eo-Classical Styles in American Buildings and Their Architects (Garden City: Doubleday, 1970), 329-33; Frederick Nichols, "Jefferson: The Making of an Architect," in W.H. Adams, ed., Jefferson and the Arts: Extended View (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1976), 169, 173-74; and William Howard Adams, ed., The Eye of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art,19 293, note by Nichols. [back]
Note: 55 Jefferson had seen William Kent's Temple of Venus at Stowe during his English trip of 1786 and he apparently owned B. Seeley, Stowe: A Description of the Magnificent House and Gardens (London, 1783). On the Roman connection, see Charles Brownell, "Laying the Groundwork," in Brownell, Loth, Rasmussen, and Wilson, The Making of Virginia Architecture (Richmond: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 1992), 52 and 56ff. [back]
Note: 56 Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 80. [back]
Note: 57 Fiske Kimball, "The Genesis of Jefferson's Plan the University of Virginia," Architecture 48 (December 1923), 397-99. [back]
Note: 58 In addition to Nichols's writings cited in n. 54, see: Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson Architectural Drawings (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, and Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation and University Press of Virginia, 1961), 8.; and Albert Bush-Brown, "College Architecture," Architectural Record 122 (August 1957), 156. [back]
Note: 59 William B. O'Neal, "Origins of the University Ground Plans," Alumni News 50 (November 1962), 4-7; Mary Woods, "Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia: Planning the Academic Village," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44 (October 1985), 266-83; Walter L. Creese, The Crowning of the American Land- scape: Eight Great Spaces and Their Buildings (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 16-21; Bryan Little, "Cambridge and the Campus: An English Antecedent for the Lawn of the University of Virginia," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 79 (April 1971), 190-201; Christopher Tunnard, "Jean-Jacques Ram‚e," Union Worthies 19 (1964), 12-13. [back]
Note: 60 Paul Venable Turner, Campus: An American Planning Tradition (New York: The Architectural History Foundation, 1984), 79-83; David Bell, "Knowledge and the Middle Landscape: Thomas Jefferson's University of Virginia," Journal of Architectural Education 37 (Winter 1983), 18-26. [back]
Note: 61 Vincent Scully, American Architecture and Urbanism (New York: Praeger, 1969), 54, 57-60. [back]
Note: 62 Cranston Jones, "Pride and Prejudices of the Master," Life 46 (April 27, 1959), 56. [back]
Note: 63 Lewis Mumford, The South in Architecture (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1941), 70-76. [back]
Note: 64 Stanislaw Makielski, a professor in the Architecture Department, directed the work; Fiske Kimball acted as a consultant. [back]
Note: 65 Many of O'Neal's and Nichols's publications are cited elsewhere. See also, William Bainter O'Neal, Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia: The Rotunda (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1960); O'Neal and Nichols, "An Architectural History of the First University Pavilion," and O'Neal, "The Workmen at the University of Virginia 1817-1826 with Notes and Documents," "Michele and Giacomo Raggi at the University of Virginia: With Notes and Documents," and "Financing the Construction of the University of Virginia: Notes and Documents," all in The Magazine of Albemarle County History 15, 17, 18, 23 (1957, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1964-65), 36 43, 5-48, 531, 4-34. [back]
Note: 66 Fiske Kimball. American Architecture (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928), 178-79. Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, vol.4, 274, 277-79, indicates the praise. In subsequent years other buildings, such as Brooks Hall, have been criticized as being non-conforming; however, they have been successfully preserved. [back]
Note: 67 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Baltimore: Penguin, [1969]1971), 598, n. 7; see also, Scully, American Architecture, 57. [back]
Note: 68 The architects were Ballou & Justice of Richmond; Nichols acted as consultant. See: Frederick D. Nichols, "Restoring Jefferson's University" in Building Early America, ed. C.E. Peterson (Philadelphia: Carpenter's Company, 1976), 319-39; Virginius Dabney, Mr. Jefferson's University (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981), 574-75; Joseph Lee Vaughan and Omer Allan Gianniny, Jr., Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973-76 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981); and "Towards a Restored Rotunda," and Francis L. Berkeley, Jr., "Mr. Jefferson's Rotunda: Myths and Realities," University of Virginia Alumni News 56 (May-June, 1966), 6-9. and 60 (July-August, 1972), 5-9. [back]
Note: 69 Peter Blake, God's Own Junkyard (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1964), 32-33; an "ironical" twist that pointed out the "irrelevancy of the comparison" is Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966), 102-03. [back]
Note: 70 "Highlights of American Architecture," AM Journal 65 (July 1976), 88-158. [back]
Note: 71 Sermon by the Reverend Jerry Falwell, Lynchburg, Virginia, October 11, 1987. [back]
Note: 72 Merrill Peterson, "Introduction," The Portable Jefferson (New York: Viking Press, 1975), xi-xii; Karl Lehmann, Thomas Jefferson, American Humanist (1947; reprint, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985), 164. [back]
Note: 73 Jefferson to John Adams, October 28, 1813, in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 539. [back]
Note: 74 Jefferson to William Ludlow, September 6, 1824. in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 583-84. [back]
Note: 75 Jefferson to John Adams, July 5, 1814, and Nov. 7, 1819, in Padover, The Complete Jefferson, 1034-38. [back]
Note: 76 Jefferson to editor of the Journal de Paris. August 29, 1787, "Notes on the State of Virginia," 1781-85; and Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia," August 1-4, 1818, in Padover, The Complete Jefferson, 74, 668, 1099. [back]
Note: 77 Jefferson to Tazewell, January 5, 1805, UVA. [back]
Note: 78 The frequent claim that Jefferson viewed Palladio as a "bible" comes only from a second-hand source; see the letter of I.A. Coles to General John Hartwell Cocke, February 23, 1816, Cocke Papers, UVA. [back]
Note: 79 Dumas Malone, The Sage of Monticello, vol. 6 of Jefferson and His Time (Boston: Little Brown, 1948), 498-99. [back]
Note: 80 Information on Jefferson's time at the College is in Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, chp. 4 (vol.1 of Jefferson and His Time); on the building, see James Kornwolf, "So Good a Design, " The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary: Its History, Background, and Legacy (Williamsburg: College of William and Mary, Muscarelle Museum of Art, 1989). I have benefited from talks with Mark Wenger of Colonial Williamsburg on this topic. [back]
Note: 81 Except for the few students who chose to board in town, of which Jefferson was not included. [back]
Note: 82 Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, 44 (vol. 1 of Jefferson and His Time), disagrees on this point with Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974), 54-55. [back]
Note: 83 Thomas Jefferson, "Notes on the State of Virginia" in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 200, 203. [back]
Note: 84 Tutwiler quoted in Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, vol. 2, 300. [back]
Note: 85 Jennings L. Wagoner, Jr. "Honor and Dishonor at Mr. Jefferson's University: The Antebellum Years," History of Education Quarterly 26 (Summer 1986), 155-80. [back]
Note: 86 Jefferson to Cabell, December 28, 1822, in Cabell, Early History of the University of Virginia (Richmond: J.W. Randolph, 1856), 260-61. [back]
Note: 87 Malone, The Sage of Monticello, 369 (vol. 6 of Jefferson and His Time). [back]
Note: 88 Jefferson, "Political Science," March 4, 1825, in Padover, The Complete Jefferson, 1112; Malone, The Sage of Monticello, 417 (vol. 6 of Jefferson and His Time). [back]
Note: 89 Mark R. Wenger, "Thomas Jefferson, Tenant," Winterthur Portfolio 26 (Winter 1991), 249-65. [back]
Note: 90 Jefferson to Governor William C. Claiborne, July 7, 1804, in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 499-500. [back]
Note: 91 See Jefferson's letters to: Jean Baptiste Say, February 1, 1804; John Adams, October 28, 1813 and Benjamin Austin, January 9, 1816. See also, his "Notes" in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 217, 227, 497-99, 539, 547-50. [back]
Note: 92 Jefferson to Dr. Caspar Wistar, June 21, 1807, in Padover, The Complete Jefferson, 1060. [back]
Note: 93 Jefferson to L.W. Tazewell, January 5, 1805, UVA [back]
Note: 94 For references to plantations as villages, see: Antonio Pace, ed. and trans., Luigi Castiglioni's Viaggio: Travels in the United States of America, 1785-1787 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1983), 193-94; Thomas Anburey, Travels Through the Interior Parts of America [1776-81] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1923), vol. 2, 187; and Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation [1788] (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1911), vol. 2, 32-33. Camille Wells kindly helped me with these sources. [back]
Note: 95 Lehmann, Thomas Jefferson, American Humanist (1947; reprint, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985), 180-85. [back]
Note: 96 The number of possible European prototypes is very large. John Harris recently showed me a scheme by the British amateur Ambrose Phillipps for the Place Royale, Montpellier, dating from c. 1735 that has striking similarities with the Lawn; however, there is no evidence, and it is extremely doubtful that Jefferson knew of it. The drawings for Phillipps's scheme are in the Royal Institute of British Architects collection. [back]
Note: 97 Vincent Scully, New World Visions of Household Gods & Sacred Places (Boston: New York Graphic Society, Little Brown, 1988), 70. [back]
Note: 98 Lehmann, Thomas Jefferson, American Humanist, 157, 163. [back]
Note: 99 Jefferson to Latrobe, June 12, 1817, Library of Congress. [back]
Note: 100 Lehmann, Thomas Jefferson, American Humanist, 165. [back]
Note: 101 Many scholars have noted Jefferson's interest in these forms. Jefferson originally introduced the idea in his "Account of the Capitol in Virginia" [ca. 1793-97], reprinted in Fiske Kimball. The Capitol of Virginia, ed. Jon Kukla (Richmond: Virginia State Library and Archives, 1989), 13. [back]
Note: 102 A[ndrea]. Palladio, The Architecture of A. Palladio .,. Revis'd, Design'd, and Publish'd by Giacomo Leoni, 2d ed. (London: 1721), vol. 2, bk.4, 74, claimed that the body of the Pantheon "was erected in the time of the Republick" Jefferson himself claimed that the "Maison quarree [was] erected in the time of the Caesars," in a letter dated January 26, 1787, reprinted in Kimball, The Capitol of Virginia, 22. [back]
Note: 103 Palladio, Architecture, vol. 2, bk. 4, 74. Malone, The Sage of Monticello, 386 (vol. 6 of Jefferson and His Time). [back]
Note: 104 Jefferson, "Account of the Capitol . . ." in Kimball, The Capitol of Virginia, 13. [back]
Note: 105 Palladio, Architecture, vol. 2, bk. 4, 74. [back]
Note: 106 Lehmann, Thomas Jefferson, American Humanist, 187; Jefferson, Specification Book, July 18, 1819, 3, UVA. [back]
Note: 107 Pointed out by Riddick, "Influence of B.H. Latrobe," 44; see Vitruvius Pollio, Les dix livres d'architecture de Vitruve corrigez et traduits nouvellement en fran,cois, avec des notes et des figures, trans. Claude Perrault (Paris: J.B. Coignard, 1684), bk. 3, chp. 1, pl. 7. Jefferson acknowledged the Perrault volume -though not the plate -in a letter to Isaac McPherson, August 13, 1813, as cited in Peterson, The Portable Jefferson, 527. [back]
Note: 108 The first four numbers -I-III on the west, and II-IV on the east -are 53 feet and 64 feet apart respectively. Number V on the west is 89 feet from III, and number VI on the east is 90.5 feet from IV. The next on the west, VII, is 104 feet, then IX is 122 feet, and for the east, numbers VIII and X, nearly the same dimensions hold. The small differences between the east and west dimensions result from the different widths of the pavilions. Lambeth and Manning, Jefferson as an Architect and Designer of Landscape, 62, gave measurements that were wrong; Creese, The Crowning of the American Landscape, 28, provided more correct versions. My dimensions were provided by James Murray Howard, AIA, Architect for the Historic Buildings and Grounds. [back]
Note: 109 Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 82; see also, Marvin Trachtenberg and Isabelle Hyman, 1986), 443.1 [back]
Note: 1 The World Heritage Convention (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee/International Council on Monuments and Sites, 1992), 1. The World Heritage List, begun in 1978, recognizes properties of exceptional and universal cultural significance throughout the world. In 1992 the list contained 358 sites in eighty-two countries; seventeen of the sites are in the United States. [back]
Note: 2 ICOMOS: 1964-1984 (Paris: International Council on Monuments and Sites, 1983), 79-83. [back]
Note: 3 Mesick-Cohen-Waite Architects, Pavilion V (Albany, N.Y.: Mount Ida Press, 1993). [back]
Note: 4 Comprehensive Plan for Residential Life (Charlottesville: Committee on Residential Life, University of Virginia), 34-35. [back]
Note: 5 Author's interview with Mrs. Walter Klingman, June 27, 1986. Mrs. Klingman lived in Pavilion III between 1904 and 1923. Her father was a professor of law. [back]
Note: 6 Design Committee, Jeffersonian Restoration Advisory Board, University of Virginia, Minutes, Dec. 16, 1987, March 2, 1988, and April 5, 1988. [back]
Note: 7 Ibid., March 2, 1988. [back]
Note: 8 Ibid., March 30 and September 29, 1989. [back]
Note: 9 Board of Visitors, Minutes, July 20, 1829ff, UVA. Entries record several changes at Pavilion V, beginning as early as 1829, but do not offer sufficient detail to clarify the date for any specific segment of the alterations. [back]
Note: 10 Tripp Evans, "Pavilion The Cavalier Daily, October 1988, 5.24,V," [back]
Note: 11 Paul Goldberger, "Jefferson's Legacy: Dialogues With the Past," The New York Times, May 23, 1993, H33. Goldberger is the Times's architectural critic. [back]